Implementing prevention policies for mother-to-child transmission of HIV in rural Malawi, South Africa and United Republic of Tanzania, 2013­2016

Objective To assess adoption of World Health Organization (WHO) guidance into national policies for prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and to monitor implementation of guidelines at facility level in rural Malawi, South Africa and the United Republic of Tanzania. Methods : We summarized national PMTCT policies and WHO guidance for 15 indicators across the cascades of maternal and infant care over 2013­2016. Two survey rounds were conducted (2013­2015 and 2015­2016) in 46 health facilities serving five health and demographic surveillance system populations. We administered structured questionnaires to facility managers to describe service delivery. We report the proportions of facilities implementing each indicator and the frequency and durations of stock-outs of supplies, by site and survey round.Findings In all countries, national policies influencing the maternal and infant PMTCT cascade of care aligned with WHO guidelines by 2016; most inter-country policy variations concerned linkage to routine HIV care. The proportion of facilities delivering post-test counselling, same-day antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation, antenatal care and ART provision in the same building, and Option B+ increased or remained at 100% in all sites. Progress in implementing policies on infant diagnosis and treatment varied across sites. Stock-outs of HIV test kits or antiretroviral drugs in the past year declined overall, but were reported by at least one facility per site in both rounds. Conclusion Progress has been made in implementing PMTCT policy in these settings. However, persistent gaps across the infant cascade of care and supply-chain challenges, risk undermining infant HIV elimination goals

Ausencia de malaria asintomática en escolares de Quibdó, Chocó / Absence of asymptomatic malaria in schoolchildren of Quibdó, Chocó

La malaria asintomática es considerada común en zonas de alta transmisión en África y prácticamente ausente en zonas de baja transmisión en Latinoamérica. Sin embargo, algunos reportes sugieren que el hallazgo de casos asintomáticos en zonas de alta y moderada transmisión en Latinoamérica es relativamente frecuente. La malaria asintomática tiene consecuencias graves no sólo para el individuo portador de parásitos, sino también para la comunidad donde vive. Los individuos crónicamente infectados se constituyen en un reservorio de la enfermedad que es difícil de identificar por medio de la vigilancia rutinaria de los programas de control. En el marco de un estudio de la epidemiología de la malaria en Quibdó, Chocó, se estimó la prevalencia de malaria asintomática en escolares. El objetivo fue establecer si los individuos con infección asintomática podrían constituir un reservorio importante de infección, capaz de mantener la transmisión local en esta ciudad. Se seleccionaron 255 estudiantes de cinco escuelas de Quibdó, de los cuales, 223 se incluyeron en el análisis. Algunos niños refirieron cefalea (34%), tos (32%) y diarrea (9%). Todos los resultados de gota gruesa fueron negativos. Además, el análisis por inmunofluorescencia indirecta de anticuerpos contra Plasmodium en una submuestra de 25 niños fue negativo. La prevalencia estimada de malaria asintomática en los escolares de Quibdó es, entonces, de 0% (IC95%: 0-1,4). La presencia de malaria asintomática en adultos no se puede descartar aunque es probable que, si existe, sea en una proporción muy baja.

Asymptomatic malaria is characteristic of high intensity transmission areas in Africa but unusual in low transmission areas in Latin America. Nevertheless, asymptomatic malaria has been reported to be frequent in areas in Latin America with high and moderate intensity of transmission. Asymptomatic malaria can affect both individuals who carry parasites and are cryptic carrier reservoirs for the community. Individuals chronically infected with malaria parasites are usually unidentifiable by most malaria control programmes. In order to identify whether asymptomatic individuals harboring malaria parasites are an important reservoir of infection in Quibdó, Chocó, the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria was assessed in schoolchildren. This study was part of a major study of the epidemiology of malaria in Quibdó. A total of 255 children from 5 schools were examined, of which 223 were included in the analysis. Children reported headache (34%), cough (32%), and diarrhoea (9%). None of the children presented a positive thick smear. In addition, IFA tests in a subsample of 25 children were negative. By these criteria, the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria in Quibdó schoolchildren is 0% (95%C.I.: 0.0-1.4). Although asymptomatic malaria in adults possibly occurs, a very low prevalence is predicted.